{"id":2640,"date":"2026-04-13T07:29:04","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T07:29:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/?p=2640"},"modified":"2026-04-13T07:29:04","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T07:29:04","slug":"manifest-kader-neden-kotuydu-amerikanin-yayilmasinin-karanlik-gercekligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/tr\/manifest-kader-neden-kotuydu-amerikanin-yayilmasinin-karanlik-gercekligi\/","title":{"rendered":"Manifest Kader Neden K\u00f6t\u00fcyd\u00fc: Amerika’n\u0131n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n Karanl\u0131k Ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Manifest Destiny neden olumsuzdu? A\u00e7\u0131klanmayan Sonu\u00e7lar\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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1845 y\u0131l\u0131nda, John O’Sullivan Amerika’n\u0131n kaderini \u015fekillendirecek kavram\u0131 tan\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 tahmin edebilen \u00e7ok az ki\u015fi vard\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde, Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n iste\u011fiyle Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019na do\u011fru bat\u0131ya ilerlemenin gerekli oldu\u011funa inanmak, yeterli topra\u011fa sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen vatanda\u015flar i\u00e7in adeta ilahi bir g\u00f6rev gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n zihninde olumlu bir fikir olarak ba\u015flayan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00e7ok daha u\u011fursuz bir h\u00e2l ald\u0131; sadece Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar ve Meksikal\u0131lar i\u00e7in de\u011fil, Amerika’n\u0131n ahlaki yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in de k\u00f6t\u00fc sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu.<\/p>\n

19 y\u00fczy\u0131l, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ni sahilden sahile geni\u015fleten bir Amerikan yay\u0131lmas\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k etti, ancak bu tutum bat\u0131ya yerle\u015fimi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kabul edilemez bir bedel \u00f6denmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u2014Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n yerlerinden edilmesi ve Meksika ile sava\u015f, bu d\u00f6nemin belirleyici \u00f6zellikleri haline geldi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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John L. O\u2019Sullivan\u2019\u0131n Sald\u0131rgan Geni\u015fleme \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Ba\u015flatmas\u0131\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Manifest Kaderi<\/strong><\/a> inanc\u0131, farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde bir\u00e7ok amaca hizmet eden ve yeni topraklar\u0131 fethetmek i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 gerek\u00e7eler yaratan \u00e7ok say\u0131da unsura sahipti. 1840\u2019lar boyunca, bu ideoloji ABD\u2019nin toprak geni\u015flemesini savunan bir gerek\u00e7e haline geldi; Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n beyaz adam\u0131 Amerikan hareketi ve Hristiyanl\u0131k ile demokrasi ad\u0131na zafer misyonuna adayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikri do\u011fru kabul edildi.<\/p>

John L. O’Sullivan, bu kavram\u0131 ilk ba\u015flatan ki\u015fiydi; *United States Magazine and Democratic Review* dergisinde Teksas\u2019\u0131n ilhak\u0131n\u0131 savunan yaz\u0131lar yay\u0131mlad\u0131 ve Oregon B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ni te\u015fvik etti. Zafer kazanan Amerikal\u0131lar i\u00e7in verdi\u011fi isim ve tan\u0131m, ulusun daha fazla toprak talep etti\u011fi sonraki yirmi y\u0131l boyunca yank\u0131 buldu ve ulusun hayal edilebilecek s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00f6tesine geni\u015flemesiyle devasa toprak b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n Geni\u015flemeyi \u0130lahi Bir G\u00f6rev Olarak G\u00f6rmesinin Nedeni\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Birle\u015fik Devletler hen\u00fcz b\u00fcy\u00fck ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, halk\u0131 ve liderleri neredeyse tak\u0131nt\u0131 derecesinde bir aciliyetle geni\u015flemek istiyordu. T\u00fcm \u00fclkenin kendilerine ait olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor ve yollar\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan herkesin bunun bedelini \u00f6deyece\u011fini san\u0131yorlard\u0131\u2014bu, o d\u00f6nemde \u00fclkenin slogan\u0131 h\u00e2line geldi. \u00dclkenin tamam\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ebilecek ilk demiryolu in\u015fa edildi ve insanlar\u0131 bat\u0131ya ta\u015f\u0131nmaya te\u015fvik etti; bu Amerikal\u0131lar i\u00e7in iyi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, zaten orada ya\u015fayan yerli halk i\u00e7in o kadar iyi olmayabilirdi.<\/p>\n

Mississippi Nehri\u2019nin do\u011fusundaki h\u0131zl\u0131 n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve topraklar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131, bat\u0131da yeni yerle\u015fim i\u00e7in bol f\u0131rsatlar oldu\u011fu bilgisiyle birle\u015fince, bu geni\u015flemeci ideolojiye zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131 ve bu ideoloji basit\u00e7e Manifest Kader olarak bilinir h\u00e2le geldi. Amy S. Greenburg, Manifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, yerle\u015fimlerini bat\u0131ya geni\u015fletmek isteyen bireylerin motivasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 derinlemesine a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. Yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamandan bu yana, bat\u0131n\u0131n sakinlerini kendi topraklar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcrecini ne kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netti\u011fimizi fark ettik\u2014kesinlikle daha iyi bir yol olabilirdi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Bat\u0131y\u0131 Fethetme \u201cTanr\u0131dan Gelen Hak\u201d\u0131n\u0131n Ard\u0131ndaki Tehlikeler\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n bat\u0131ya do\u011fru geni\u015fleme konusunda Tanr\u0131\u2019dan gelen bir hakka sahip oldu\u011funa dair yayg\u0131n bir inan\u00e7 vard\u0131 ve bu hak u\u011frunda yollar\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan her \u015feyi yok etmeleri gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu cesur \u00f6nc\u00fcler, s\u00fcre\u00e7te kim ac\u0131 \u00e7ekerse \u00e7eksin, asil cumhuriyetlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019na kadar geni\u015fletmekle ilahi bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hissettiler. K\u0131saca tarih g\u00f6steriyor ki, Amerikan Manifest Kaderi, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hatayd\u0131\u2014Amerikal\u0131lar gelmeden \u00f6nce bu topraklarda ya\u015fayan insanlar, bu felaket sayesinde Amerikal\u0131lar Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n onlara kontrol\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irme izni verdi\u011fine inand\u0131lar. Yerle\u015fimciler onlar\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131 ve daha az do\u011fal kayna\u011fa sahip, hayatta kalmas\u0131 zor bir yere zorlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

19 y\u00fczy\u0131lda yayg\u0131n olan bu tutum, ulusun sadece yapabilece\u011fini de\u011fil, sahilden sahile geni\u015flemeye kaderli oldu\u011funu da \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Bu geni\u015fleme \u00e7o\u011funlukla Monroe Doktrini, Teksas\u2019\u0131n ilhak\u0131 ve Meksika-Amerika Sava\u015f\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi; ancak ulus, 1850 sonras\u0131na kadar ger\u00e7ek bir k\u0131tasal g\u00fc\u00e7 h\u00e2line gelmedi; \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f, bat\u0131ya geni\u015fleme ve b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmelerin y\u00fckseli\u015fi sonunda Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ni bug\u00fcnk\u00fc h\u00e2line getirdi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sanayi B\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve K\u0131tasal Bir \u0130mparatorlu\u011fa Do\u011fru \u0130lerleyi\u015f\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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1840\u2019lara gelindi\u011finde \u00fclkenin sanayile\u015fmesi tam h\u0131zdayd\u0131 ve bu, eyaletlerin s\u00fcrekli geni\u015flemesinin hem bir sorun hem de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan bir mesele oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyordu. John L. O’Sullivan\u2019\u0131n bir zamanlar belirtti\u011fi gibi: \u201cManifest Kaderimiz, her y\u0131l artan milyonlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrce geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in Providence taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lan k\u0131tay\u0131 kaplamakt\u0131r.\u201d Bu fikir, 1840\u2019larda Anglo-Sakson Kolonistler\u2019in ideal uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya yayarak s\u00fcper bir ulus haline gelme aray\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n

Bu geni\u015fleme s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fansa da, destek\u00e7ileri bunlar\u0131n eyaletleri bug\u00fcn oldu\u011fu \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00fclke h\u00e2line getiren b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundular. O’Sullivan\u2019\u0131n makalesi, Amerikal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda ilk ilgiyi uyand\u0131rd\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin k\u0131ta boyunca geni\u015flemesinin kaderi oldu\u011fu fikri g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir umut haline geldi. Amerika, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bunu \u00fclke i\u00e7in ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir Hristiyan inanc\u0131na sahipti ve her y\u0131l \u00fclkeye artan say\u0131da g\u00f6\u00e7men geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in daha fazla topra\u011fa duyulan ihtiya\u00e7 hayati h\u00e2le geldi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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ABD\u2019nin Toprak Aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Irksal \u00dcst\u00fcnl\u00fck \u0130deolojisi\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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ABD daha fazla toprak kazand\u0131k\u00e7a, k\u0131tan\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131na do\u011fru istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ilerlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde Birle\u015fik Devletler, bug\u00fcn oldu\u011funun sadece yar\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeydi\u2014di\u011fer yar\u0131s\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra iki y\u0131ll\u0131k bir sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklenecek bir \u00fclkenin kontrol\u00fcndeydi. 1845\u2019te gazeteci John L. O’Sullivan taraf\u0131ndan ilk kez kullan\u0131lan bu terim, Amerika\u2019n\u0131n geni\u015flemesinin Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n iradesi olarak kaderini tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Genovese\u2019ye g\u00f6re, \u201cBat\u0131ya do\u011fru geni\u015fleme ve beyaz \u0131rklar\u0131n hakimiyet fikri, bir\u00e7ok Amerikal\u0131da kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulan bir t\u0131n\u0131 uyand\u0131rd\u0131.\u201d Amerika\u2019n\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletme fikri o kadar pop\u00fclerdi ki, daha sonra Oregon topraklar\u0131n\u0131n talep edilmesini me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Kongre\u2019de kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Amerika\u2019y\u0131 geni\u015fletme fikri Amerikal\u0131lar i\u00e7in harika g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n daha sonra talep edece\u011fi topraklarda ya\u015fayanlar i\u00e7in o kadar iyi de\u011fildi. Hastedt\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u201cAmerika\u2019n\u0131n iyili\u011fini kabul edememek ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamamak, bu iyili\u011fi alanlar\u0131n hatas\u0131yd\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Amerikal\u0131lar, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar ve Meksikal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn hissettiler; Amerika k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc benimsemeleri gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yorlard\u0131, hatta bu insanlar topraklarda Amerikal\u0131lardan \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olsalar bile. Hastedt\u2019in belirtti\u011fi gibi, Amerikal\u0131lar, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131 ki\u015filerin kendi ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerine memnuniyetle uyum sa\u011flayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler: \u201cAmerikan de\u011ferlerinin do\u011fu\u015ftan \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, temas kurduklar\u0131 ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan mutlaka tan\u0131nacak ve memnuniyetle benimsenecekti.\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Manifest Kaderi Anlaman\u0131n Amerika\u2019n\u0131n En Karanl\u0131k Hatalar\u0131n\u0131 Ortaya \u00c7\u0131karmas\u0131\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Bu zihniyet nihayetinde Amerika\u2019n\u0131n geni\u015flemesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve onu bug\u00fcn bildi\u011fimiz h\u00e2line getirdi, ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n geni\u015fleme u\u011fruna topraklar\u0131n\u0131 almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015filerle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya da neden oldu. Peki ya ikiy\u00fczl\u00fc ve bencil Amerikal\u0131lar, haklar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve topraklar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 elinizden alsayd\u0131?<\/p>\n

1845\u2019ten Amerikal\u0131 Senat\u00f6r Albert Gallatin, Manifest Kaderin\u2014ABD\u2019nin Amerikan k\u0131talar\u0131 boyunca geni\u015flemesinin hem hakl\u0131 hem de ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funa dair inanc\u0131n\u2014olumsuz bir geli\u015fme olarak hesab\u0131n\u0131 anlatan birincil kaynak olarak hizmet etti. Yerli Amerikal\u0131 \u015eef John Ross, hem \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden hem de topraklar\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin kurucu babalar\u0131ndan Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson\u2019\u0131 bu karar\u0131 nedeniyle ele\u015ftirdi ve \u201c\u015fansl\u0131 tesad\u00fcfler ve beklenmedik durumlar\u201d\u0131n \u201cJefferson y\u00f6netiminin herhangi bir ak\u0131ll\u0131ca veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli eyleminin sonucu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dna dair bir al\u0131nt\u0131 yapt\u0131. Manifest Kaderin neden k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011funu anlamak, bunu ABD tarihindeki son derece olumsuz bir olay olarak incelemeyi gerektirir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar \u00dczerindeki Etkisi\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Zorla G\u00f6\u00e7 ve \u0130hlal Edilen Antla\u015fmalar\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Manifest Kader, Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar \u00fczerinde bir\u00e7ok olumsuz etki yaratt\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 yank\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6ncelikle Cherokee kabilesi, Trail of Tears<\/em> (G\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 Yolu) olarak bilinen s\u00fcre\u00e7te topraklar\u0131ndan zorla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ki olumlu Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme karar\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Cherokeeler atalar\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131ndan zorla tahliye edildi; bu durum, yasal zaferlerin geni\u015fleme dalgas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir anlam ifade etmedi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. \u0130kinci olarak, Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar federal h\u00fck\u00fcmetle antla\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f olsalar da, bu anla\u015fmalar defalarca ihlal edildi. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin bat\u0131ya do\u011fru geni\u015flemesi, Trans-K\u0131tas Demiryolu, Amerikan ordusu, milisler ve yerli ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerini sistematik olarak ortadan kald\u0131ran h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131 nedeniyle Yerli Amerikan topraklar\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc etkiledi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Y\u0131k\u0131m ve Hastal\u0131k\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Geni\u015fleme, t\u00fcm kabilelerin yok olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve bu, Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcren k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye neden oldu. \u0130\u015fin olumsuz yan\u0131, Manifest Kader, Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131 binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 topraklardan s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Amerikan yerle\u015fimciler topraklar\u0131n\u0131 alarak onlar\u0131 daha az do\u011fal kayna\u011fa sahip ve hayatta kalmas\u0131 zor ba\u015fka bir yere zorlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, Amerikan yerle\u015fimcileri, Yerli kabilelere \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u0131zam\u0131k ve yerli n\u00fcfusun ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer hastal\u0131klar\u0131 getirerek bir\u00e7ok Yerli Amerikal\u0131n\u0131n hastalanmas\u0131na ve \u00f6lmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131; bu hastal\u0131klar t\u00fcm topluluklar\u0131 yok etti. Toprak, kaynak ve zenginlik i\u00e7in ya\u015fanan rekabet, \u00f6zellikle Amerikan Yerlileri ve eyaletle\u015fmeden \u00f6nce kurulan eski Meksika topluluklar\u0131 ve misyonlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bireysel ve toplu k\u00f6t\u00fc muameleyi art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve Bask\u0131n\u0131n Me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Amerikal\u0131lar, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar ve Meksikal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 kendilerini \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcyor ve topraklarda Amerikal\u0131lardan \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olsalar bile, Amerikan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc benimsemeleri gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Andrew Jackson\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm Yerlilerin beyazlardan uzak tutulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ve onlar\u0131n \u201cvah\u015fi al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131na\u201d dair ifadeleri, bunun temelde \u0131rksal \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckle ilgili oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>

1845\u2019ten Amerikal\u0131 Senat\u00f6r Albert Gallatin gibi bilge insanlar\u0131n do\u011fru s\u00f6zleri, Manifest Kader<\/strong><\/a> hakk\u0131ndaki endi\u015feleri gerek\u00e7elendiren ve bir insan\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan y\u00f6netilmedi\u011fini belirten yaz\u0131lar\u0131, bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla keskin bir tezat olu\u015fturur. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve topraklar\u0131 elinden al\u0131nan Yerli Amerikal\u0131 \u015eef John Ross, bu trajediyi ilk elden anlat\u0131r ve asla unutulmamas\u0131 gereken bir tan\u0131kl\u0131k sunar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ekonomik Etki\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Demiryolu Geni\u015flemesi ve Toprak El Koymalar\u0131\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Yerlileri etkileyen sosyal ve politik de\u011fi\u015fimlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ekonomiye y\u00f6nelik de\u011fi\u015fiklikler de Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar \u00fczerinde derin olumsuz etkiler yaratt\u0131. Yerlileri olumsuz etkileyen bir uygulama, 1862 tarihli Pasifik Demiryolu Yasas\u0131yd\u0131; bu yasa, Missouri Nehri\u2019nden Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019na demiryolu ve telgraf hatlar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak amac\u0131yla olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. Demiryolu in\u015fa eden \u015firkete, demiryolunun yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131n 200 feet geni\u015fli\u011finde herhangi bir topra\u011f\u0131 alma izni verildi.<\/p>\n

Demiryolu, mallar\u0131n ve insanlar\u0131n bat\u0131ya ve bat\u0131dan daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Manifest Kader a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etki yaratm\u0131\u015f olsa da, bu yasa, Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n toprak haklar\u0131n\u0131n uygun tazminat veya de\u011ferlendirme olmaks\u0131z\u0131n sona erdirilmesine yasal olarak izin verdi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ge\u00e7im Kayb\u0131 ve Ekonomik \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Son olarak, ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fiklikler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, Yerli Amerikal\u0131lar, yerle\u015fimciler ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan zorla bat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirildiklerinden i\u015flerini kaybetti. Ayr\u0131ca, bat\u0131ya daha so\u011fuk iklimlere g\u00f6\u00e7 ettiklerinde yeterli tar\u0131m arazisine sahip olam\u0131yorlard\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7ift\u00e7i oldu\u011fundan, bu durum onlar\u0131 ekonomik ve sosyal olarak ciddi \u015fekilde etkiledi. Ailelerini destekleyecek istikrarl\u0131 bir gelirleri yoktu ve s\u00fcrekli yer de\u011fi\u015ftirdikleri i\u00e7in d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir evleri de yoktu.<\/p>\n

Amerikan yerle\u015fimciler \u00e7evre ve do\u011fal kaynaklar \u00fczerinde olumsuz etki yaratt\u0131; a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 avlanma ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrlerin yok olmas\u0131na neden oldu, ayr\u0131ca ev yapmak i\u00e7in daha fazla a\u011fa\u00e7 kesilmesi ekosistemleri kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Manifest Kaderin neden k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011funu incelerken, yerli n\u00fcfus \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nemini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Siyasi ve Sosyal Etkiler\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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La possibilit\u00e0 di un’espansione verso ovest attraverso il Manifest Destiny ebbe impatti sia positivi che negativi su questioni governative, sulla societ\u00e0 e sugli aspetti finanziari degli Stati Uniti e dei nativi americani che vi abitavano all’epoca. Le strategie adottate e i presidenti eletti durante questo periodo supportarono la popolazione generale degli Stati Uniti, lasciando i nativi americani senza alcuna reale opzione se non quella di subire gli effetti negativi dello sviluppo in cambiamento e in espansione.<\/p>

Ci furono numerosi impatti politici del Manifest Destiny che plasmarono l’intero sviluppo verso ovest, rimodellando il panorama politico del continente in modi che favorivano i coloni anglosassoni, mentre sistematicamente privavano dei diritti i popoli indigeni e i cittadini messicani che si trovarono improvvisamente a vivere sotto il dominio americano.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Alt\u0131na H\u00fccum ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Alt\u0131na H\u00fccum ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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E\u011fer Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck cazibesi Manifest Kaderin k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyorsa, Kaliforniya\u2019daki alt\u0131n ke\u015ffi bu ate\u015fi tutu\u015fturan k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m oldu. Manifest Kaderin arkas\u0131ndaki en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc itici g\u00fc\u00e7ler, ister k\u00f6le temelli, ister ge\u00e7imlik tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 veya dini ama\u00e7l\u0131 olsun, yerle\u015fimcilerin yollarla yap\u0131lan nispeten koordineli hareketi, Amerikan Yerlilerine kar\u015f\u0131 Meksika ile y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen sava\u015fta ordu faaliyetleri ve filibustering giri\u015fimleri ile birle\u015fiyordu; ayr\u0131ca k\u00f6leli\u011fin geni\u015flemesi ve 1850 Uzla\u015fmas\u0131 gibi siyasi odaklar Bat\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 Amerika\u2019ya ekledi.<\/p>\n

\u015e\u00fcphesiz, Do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 ve eski Mississippi vadisi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan araba yollar\u0131yla g\u00f6\u00e7 edenlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu toprak sahibi olmay\u0131 hedeflese de, h\u0131zla zengin olma cazibesi, g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011funlukla gen\u00e7 bekar erkek kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n (baz\u0131 kad\u0131nlar da dahil) Bat\u0131\u2019daki alt\u0131n kasabalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ekonomik Patlama, Kentsel B\u00fcy\u00fcme ve Artan Irksal Gerilimler\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Macera ve servet aray\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bu temel gruplar, alt\u0131na h\u00fccum ile ili\u015fkili hizmet sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in birer m\u0131knat\u0131s g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bat\u0131\u2019daki kasaba ve \u015fehirlerin h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, \u00f6zellikle n\u00fcfusu 1848\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 iken 1853\u2019te neredeyse 50.000\u2019e ula\u015fan San Francisco, ve bireysel ba\u015far\u0131 i\u00e7in sonsuz gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen f\u0131rsatlar, Manifest Kaderin ilkelerine ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan olumlu bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm kazand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, kanunsuzluk, \u00e7o\u011fu servet arayan\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00f6lgedeki yerli halklarla\u2014Meksikal\u0131, \u0130spanyol, Amerikan Yerlisi, \u00c7inli ve Japon n\u00fcfuslar\u0131\u2014\u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve k\u00f6lelik meselesinin patlamas\u0131, Manifest Kaderin vaatlerinin olumsuz y\u00f6nlerini g\u00f6sterdi. Alt\u0131na h\u00fccum, Pasifik\u2019e do\u011fru h\u0131zlanan politik y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc daha da h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131 ve nihayetinde \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u2019a yol a\u00e7acak gerilimleri art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Alt\u0131na H\u00fccumun B\u00f6lgesel \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 H\u0131zland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n Nedeni\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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24 Ocak 1848\u2019de, John Sutter taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fe al\u0131nan m\u00fcteahhit James W. Marshall, Kaliforniya\u2019n\u0131n o d\u00f6nemdeki topraklar\u0131ndan Sacramento vadisinde Sutter\u2019\u0131n kereste fabrikas\u0131 arazisinde alt\u0131n ke\u015ffetti. Teksas\u2019ta oldu\u011fu gibi, b\u00f6lgedeki nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Amerikan n\u00fcfusunun hareketlili\u011fi, Meksika Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda zaten orada bulunan baz\u0131 Amerikan birliklerine destek amac\u0131yla \u00f6nemli bir Amerikan askeri \u00e7abas\u0131 \u00e7ekti. Bat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn te\u015fvik edilmesi, hem bireysel bir ekonomik zorunluluk hem de ulusal bir savunma ihtiyac\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Alt\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi, h\u0131zl\u0131 n\u00fcfuslanan Kaliforniya eyaletinin entegrasyonunu sa\u011flad\u0131 ve San Francisco gibi hayati bir liman ile birlikte Amerikan g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve ulusal ekonomik temeli art\u0131rarak bu sorunlardan en az birinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. 1850\u2019ler boyunca, Kaliforniyal\u0131lar Kongre\u2019ye, Orta Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu K\u0131y\u0131s\u0131\u2019ndan hem yolcu hem y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 hizmeti sunacak bir k\u0131tasal demiryolu i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuruda bulundular.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nerilen demiryolu g\u00fczergah\u0131 boyunca topluluklar i\u00e7in potansiyel ekonomik faydalar, demiryolu rotas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00e7eki\u015fmeli h\u00e2le getirdi ve k\u00f6lelik meselesi \u00fczerindeki artan anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Alt\u0131na h\u00fccumun getirdi\u011fi ekonomik patlama, Kaliforniya eyalet h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin 1854\u2019te Sacramento Vadisi\u2019nde bir eyalet demiryolu sistemi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Alt\u0131na H\u00fccum D\u00f6neminde \u00c7e\u015fitlilik, \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma ve Irksal \u015eiddet\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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B\u00fcy\u00fck insan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve sergilenen b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7e\u015fitlilik, bireysel servet aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n rekabet\u00e7i ve abart\u0131l\u0131 atmosferi i\u00e7inde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 do\u011furdu. Dilsel, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, ekonomik ve \u0131rksal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, farkl\u0131 gruplar s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kaynaklar i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015f\u0131rken hem kentsel hem de k\u0131rsal alanlarda patlak verdi. 1850\u2019lerin sonunda, \u00c7inli ve Meksikal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler, Kaliforniya\u2019daki madencilik kasabalar\u0131nda madencilik n\u00fcfusunun be\u015fte birini olu\u015fturuyordu; ancak ciddi ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ve s\u0131k s\u0131k \u015fiddetli zulme maruz kald\u0131lar. Bu d\u00f6nem, Manifest Kaderin neden yaln\u0131zca yerli halklar i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda onun etkisi alt\u0131nda kalan t\u00fcm beyaz olmayan n\u00fcfuslar i\u00e7in de olumsuz oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Matrix\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Oregon Yolu ve Bat\u0131ya G\u00f6\u00e7\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Yerle\u015fimciler Neden Her \u015eeyi G\u00f6ze Alarak Bat\u0131ya Ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sava\u015f \u00f6ncesinde Meksika\u2019ya ait olan Kaliforniya, en yak\u0131n Amerikan yerle\u015fimlerinden en az \u00fc\u00e7 zorlu ayl\u0131k yolculuk uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Misyonerler bu yolculu\u011fu daha s\u0131k ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirse de, Sacramento vadisinde sadece az say\u0131da yerle\u015fim vard\u0131. Oregon\u2019un verimli tar\u0131m arazileri, Mississippi vadisinin kara topraklar\u0131 gibi, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Kaliforniya\u2019dan daha fazla yerle\u015fimci \u00e7ekti ve yolculu\u011fu g\u00f6ze alanlara tar\u0131msal refah vaat ediyordu.<\/p>\n

Endi\u015feleri art\u0131ran unsur, s\u0131k s\u0131k abart\u0131lan Yerli sald\u0131r\u0131 hikayelerinin g\u00f6\u00e7menleri kayg\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131yd\u0131; buna ra\u011fmen \u00e7o\u011fu yerle\u015fimci \u015fiddeti te\u015fvik etmiyor ve yolculuklar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funlukla hi\u00e7 Yerli ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131yordu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Zorlu Ko\u015fullar ve Oregon Yolu\u2019nun \u00d6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl Ger\u00e7ekleri\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Yava\u015f ilerleme, hastal\u0131k, insanlar ve \u00f6k\u00fczlerin a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fc yollar, korkun\u00e7 co\u011frafi haz\u0131rl\u0131klar, rehber eksikli\u011fi, tehditkar vah\u015fi ya\u015fam, de\u011fi\u015fken hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve genel karma\u015fa, Yerli sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ve d\u00fczenli zorluklard\u0131. Yolculu\u011fun zorluklar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 1848\u2019e gelindi\u011finde Rocky Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 20.000 Amerikal\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yordu ve bu say\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc Oregon\u2019daki yerle\u015fimlerde bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

Oregon B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7evresel ve ekonomik potansiyeli, bir\u00e7ok aileyi e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 toplay\u0131p Oregon Yolu boyunca bat\u0131ya gitmeye te\u015fvik etti. Yol, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi i\u00e7in daha iyi bir ya\u015fam umudunu temsil ediyordu; ancak ger\u00e7ekte, Yol \u015fiddetli ve tehlikeliydi ve ge\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi, Oregon\u2019un \u201cVaat Edilen Topraklar\u0131na\u201d asla ula\u015famad\u0131.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Bat\u0131ya Yerle\u015fim Amerikan Kimli\u011fini Nas\u0131l De\u011fi\u015ftirdi\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Bat\u0131n\u0131n cazibesi ve hayali, bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6\u00e7meni uzak bat\u0131ya \u00e7ekti, ancak maceraperest ruhu ve risk g\u00f6z\u00fc olanlar nispeten az say\u0131dayd\u0131. G\u00f6\u00e7 eden bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi, kendilerini Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck, el de\u011fmemi\u015f topraklar\u0131nda nas\u0131l g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini yans\u0131tmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131. Mississippi\u2019nin bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki ya\u015fam\u0131n romantik vizyonu, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa her \u015feyden fazla de\u011fer veren belirli bir Amerikal\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ekti.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131\u2019da ve Meksika Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda kutlanan sert bireycilik ve askeri yetenek, yak\u0131n bat\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fctevaz\u0131 tar\u0131m topluluklar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 yeni bir t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7eken ilk k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131md\u0131 ve Amerikan yerle\u015fim d\u00fczenlerinin karakterini temelden de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Alexander Hamilton\u2019un Ele\u015ftirisi\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin kurucu babalar\u0131ndan Alexander Hamilton, Manifest Kaderi olumsuz bir \u015fekilde ele ald\u0131; bu ele\u015ftirisini Temmuz 1803\u2019te New York Evening Post<\/em> gazetesinde yay\u0131mlanan \u201cLouisiana\u2019n\u0131n Sat\u0131n Al\u0131nmas\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalede dile getirdi. Hamilton, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ba\u015fkan Thomas Jefferson\u2019\u0131n bu topraklar\u0131 \u201c\u015fansl\u0131 tesad\u00fcfler\u201d ve \u201cbeklenmedik durumlar\u201d sayesinde elde etti\u011fini belirtmi\u015f ve bu sat\u0131n alman\u0131n dikkatli bir planlaman\u0131n sonucu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Alexander Hamilton, kurucu babalardan biri olarak, Jefferson\u2019\u0131 kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir devlet y\u00f6netimi yerine \u015fans ve tesad\u00fcf ile hareket etmekle sert bir \u015fekilde ele\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba sarf etti. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri bug\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitli geni\u015fleme yollar\u0131yla t\u00fcm bu topraklara sahip olsa da, Manifest Kaderin buraya ilk gelen insanlara yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 korkun\u00e7 zararlar\u0131 unutmak zor. Hamilton\u2019un erken ele\u015ftirisi, geni\u015flemenin ahlaki maliyetleri konusunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlad\u0131.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Manifest Destiny neden olumsuzdu? A\u00e7\u0131klanmayan Sonu\u00e7lar 1845 y\u0131l\u0131nda, John…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1528,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[73],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2640","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kader-matrisi","pmpro-has-access"],"lang":"tr","translations":{"tr":2640,"ru":2521,"en":1041,"uk":2719,"it":2788,"pt":2817},"pll_sync_post":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2640","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2640"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2640\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7438,"href":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2640\/revisions\/7438"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1528"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2640"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2640"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demoprojects.website\/shehry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2640"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}